

MICRO & IMMUNO
INDEX
NEXT TOPIC
Aerobes vs. Anaerobes
Cocci
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Bacillus
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Clostridium
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Corynebacterium
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Listeria
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Mycobacterium (acid-fast)
OTHERS
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Arcanobacterium
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Bifidobacterium
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Erysipelothrix
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Eubacterium
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Gardnerella
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Lactobacillus
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Propionibacterium
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Staphyloccocus
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Streptococcus
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Enterococcus
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Peptococcus
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Peptostreptococcus
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Bartonella
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Bordetella
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Brucella
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Campylobacter
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Eikenella
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Franciscella
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Haemophilus
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Helicobacter
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Moraxella
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Neisseria
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Veillonella
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ENTEROBACTERIACAE (Gut bugs)
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Campylobacter
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Citrobacter
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Edwardsiella
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Enterobacter
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Escherichia coli
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Hafnia
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Klebsiella
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Morganella
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Proteus
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Providencia
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Salmonella
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Serratia
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Shigella
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Yersinia
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OTHERS
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FERMENTATIVE
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Aeromonas
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Pasteurella
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Plesiomonas
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Vibrio
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NON-FERMENTATIVE
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Acinetobacter
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Alcaligenes
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Burkholderia
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Flavobacterium
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Pseudomonas
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Stenotrophomonas
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ANAEROBIC
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Bacteroides
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Fusobacterium
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Porphyromonas
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Prevotella
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SILVER STAIN REQD.
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Legionella
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Coccobacilli
Rods/Bacilli
Tips for memorizing/learning the gram stain reactions:
Unfortunately, this requires a lot of memorization, but there are some basic tips to think about as you go along (adapted from Dr. Neal R. Chamberlain).
1. Memorize all of the cocci organisms.
Most human pathogens are rods, so if you memorize which bugs are cocci, the rule of elimination leaves rods.
2. Memorize the gram-positive rods.
The list of gram pos rods is MUCCHHHH shorter than the list of gram neg rod
3. Know which bacteria are "unstainable" with routine gram stain.
Some bugs require special stains or may be too small to be seen under regular light microscope. These include the organisms that do not have a cell wall, are obligate intracellular organisms and spirochetes.
Classification of Bacteria:
Morphology + Gram Stain
GRAM POS
GRAM NEG
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Anaplasma
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Chlamydia
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Chlamydophila
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Coxiella
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Ehrlichia
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Orientia
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Rickettsia
Spirochetes
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Borrelia
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Leptospira
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Spirillum
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Treponema
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Mycoplasma
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Ureaplasma
No Cell Wall
PREVIOUS TOPIC
Bacteria Morphology
SHAPE
Branching filaments
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Actinomyces (anaerobic)
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Nocardia (partially acid fast)
Obligate Intracellular
Continue to the next page to see how the bacterial organisms
are divided according to their oxygen requirements.
Unstainable Organisms
No Cell Wall
Other
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Legionella (weakly gram neg rod- requires silver stain)
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis













Miscellaneous




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Borrelia
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Leptospira
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Spirillum
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Treponema
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Can't be seen with light microscope
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Mycoplasma
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Ureaplasma
Spirochetes
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Anaplasma
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Chlamydia
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Chlamydophila
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Coxiella
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Ehrlichia
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Orientia
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Rickettsia
Obligate Intracellular